international cyberstalking laws

32 0 obj /S /P << /Limits [0 31] Webprosecution of international (cyber)stalking and whether some of these problems could be solved. /Pg 31 0 R << /P 9 0 R /Rotate 0 /Type /Page /StructParents 2 endobj /K [369 0 R 370 0 R] endobj 401 0 R null 389 0 R 62 0 R 390 0 R 62 0 R 391 0 R 62 0 R 392 0 R 62 0 R /Kids [6 0 R 7 0 R 8 0 R] /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /Annots [286 0 R 287 0 R 288 0 R 289 0 R 290 0 R] c/o ISBS, 5804 N.E. /Title (International $cyber$stalking: impediments to investigation and prosecution) 3 [62 0 R 64 0 R 65 0 R null 393 0 R null 394 0 R null 395 0 R null endobj /K 6 73 0 R 74 0 R 75 0 R 76 0 R 77 0 R 78 0 R 79 0 R 80 0 R 81 0 R 82 0 R Retrieved October 14, 2019, from. << /K 24 >> /P 9 0 R /P 9 0 R (2010). 116 0 obj The DRB was open about the absence of precedent for the specific federal crime of cyberstalking and searched nationally for a comparable case, said Roger Plawker of Pashman Stein Walder Hayden. /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] /Pg 15 0 R 123 0 R 124 0 R 125 0 R 126 0 R 127 0 R 128 0 R 129 0 R 130 0 R 131 0 R 132 0 R /P 9 0 R endobj /S /P /K 1 33 0 obj /Pg 18 0 R /StructParents 0 /S /Footnote Official websites use .gov >> /S /P << /K [19 580 0 R] >> /S /P /Resources << /K 10 An unpublished opinion of the North Carolina Court of Appeals does not constitute controlling legal authority. >> 114 0 obj >> >> >> /K 9 endobj 42 404 0 R 43 405 0 R 44 406 0 R 45 407 0 R 46 413 0 R [11] The state of North Carolina invalidated such a law in State v. /TT0 243 0 R >> /ColorSpace << endobj << endobj /Pg 30 0 R endobj 134 0 obj >> >> endobj endobj /Pg 22 0 R 143 0 R 542 0 R 143 0 R 543 0 R 143 0 R 544 0 R 144 0 R] /Resources << endobj The law prohibits both online taunting and physical or emotional abuse, and mandates training for faculty and students at schools. /PageLayout /OneColumn /S /P Verified Attorney /Pg 13 0 R /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] >> /P 9 0 R >> /Pg 30 0 R /TT2 285 0 R /K 7 << /P 9 0 R << endobj << /Pg 13 0 R << /Pg 29 0 R /S /P /S /P WebCyberstalking involves the use of technology (most often, the Internet!) WebPrvn pedpisy o kyberstalkingu - Cyberstalking legislation Kybernetick pronsledovn a kyberikana jsou relativn novmi jevy, ale to neznamen, e zloiny spchan prostednictvm st nelze trestat podle legislativy navren k tomuto elu. 78 0 obj This page was last edited on 28 November 2022, at 19:31. << /Pg 30 0 R << endobj 115 0 obj << /S /P null 536 0 R null 537 0 R null 538 0 R null 539 0 R null 540 0 R What is Cyberstalking? It is a specific federal crime and falls under a federal stalking statute as part of the Violence Against Women Act of 2005. The law was amended in 2013 to include stalking by the Internet or by telephone and no longer requires that the perpetrator and victim live in different legal jurisdictions. /K 8 << /S /P /P 9 0 R /Pg 31 0 R WebAdult cyberstalking victims are protected by separate regulations from those aimed at preventing online harassment of minors. >> /Resources << endobj /Pg 31 0 R /K 14 85 0 obj /Font << /Endnote /Note 88 0 obj /S /Footnote /ParentTreeNextKey 116 /Contents 302 0 R /Rotate 0 6-1-09; 96-328, eff. endobj /Pg 16 0 R 2 [53 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 57 0 R 58 0 R 59 0 R 60 0 R 61 0 R null 374 0 R /Type /Page /Resources << /S /P /S /Footnote First Amendment concerns often arise when questionable speech is uttered or posted online. New Media & Society, 4(1), 71-92. Legal overview of the situation by country, The examples and perspective in this article, Tyler Clementi Higher Education Anti-Harassment Act, Balasubramani, V. (2016, June 14). >> Cyberstalking a child under the age of 16 or a person of any age for which the offender has been ordered by the courts not to contact is considered "aggravated stalking," a third degree felony under Florida law. >> endobj >> /P 9 0 R endobj /P 9 0 R /Parent 7 0 R >> /Contents 349 0 R 83 0 obj However, this distinction is one of semantics, and many laws treat bullying and stalking as much the same issue. << /Pg 30 0 R /P 9 0 R /K 20 /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] 159 0 obj 194 0 obj endobj endobj /StructParents 7 /Pg 19 0 R endobj /Type /Page null 380 0 R null 381 0 R null 582 0 R 583 0 R 382 0 R 55 0 R 383 0 R /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] /Count 6 174 0 obj << Cyberstalking has been illegal since 2011. [32] Unusual among state laws regarding cyberbullying is a provision that withholds funding for schools who are not in compliance with the provision that they must inform parents of those involved in cyberbullyingboth the bully and the target. /K [2 418 0 R 19] [48] In addition, as with the Snchez bill, there are questions as to the free speech implications.[49]. 79 496 0 R 80 497 0 R 81 498 0 R 82 499 0 R 83 500 0 R /S /P [29] In addition, Section 1708.7 of the California Civil Code outlines grounds for an individual suing their cyberstalker and any accomplices for general damages, special damages, and punitive damages for cyberstalking. Google Scholar Eck J. E., Weisburd D. (1995). >> However, it merely focused on financial crimes and neglected interpersonal criminal behaviours such as cyberstalking (Behera, 2010; Halder & Jaishankar, 2008; Nappinai, 2010). /Pg 13 0 R 176 0 obj A 2006 National Crime Prevention Council survey found that some 40% of teens had experienced cyberbullying at some point in their lives, making the problem particularly widespread. /TT1 244 0 R /K 23 << 497 0 R 124 0 R 498 0 R 124 0 R 499 0 R 125 0 R 500 0 R 125 0 R] << >> WebThis law is in place to protect privacy and applies to everyones privacy and applies to everyone not just people under 18. 30 0 obj /S /P /StructParents 1 112 0 obj /K [27 453 0 R 48] >> << endobj /K 3 endobj WebCybercrime is a growing concern to countries at all levels of developments and affects both, buyers and sellers. null 461 0 R null 462 0 R 620 0 R 462 0 R null 463 0 R null 464 0 R /K 6 >> >> /P 9 0 R /K 2 /ParentTree 10 0 R California passed the first cyberstalking law in 1999. /F4 226 0 R Svdraa /S /P 41 0 obj [26] After sending hundreds of threatening e-mails to an actress, another male convicted after spending months in jail waiting for trial was sentenced in 2001 to five years probation, forbidden access to computers and forced to attend mental health counseling. << /P 9 0 R 121 0 obj WebJustia Onward Blog; Justia US Law Case Law North Carolina Case Law North Carolina Court of Appeals Decisions 2020 In Re D.B endobj Although there are often existing laws that prohibit stalking or harassment in a general sense, legislators sometimes believe that such laws are inadequate or do not go far enough, and thus bring forward new legislation to address this perceived shortcoming. null 480 0 R null 481 0 R null 621 0 R 622 0 R 482 0 R 120 0 R 483 0 R /K [360 0 R 361 0 R 362 0 R 363 0 R] /Pg 31 0 R 156 0 R 565 0 R 156 0 R] 6 [84 0 R 85 0 R 86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 90 0 R 91 0 R 92 0 R 93 0 R 584 0 R 15 0 obj 548 0 R null 549 0 R null 627 0 R 628 0 R 550 0 R 151 0 R] <> endobj /S /Footnote 80 0 obj /TT0 243 0 R 117 0 obj /TT1 244 0 R << endobj A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. /Parent 6 0 R WebAnnotate this Case. Cyberstalking can result in a lifelong prison sentence if the actions resulted in the victims death. /Annots [292 0 R 293 0 R 294 0 R 295 0 R 296 0 R 297 0 R 298 0 R 299 0 R 300 0 R 301 0 R] [50] Stalking has been defined as a man or woman who follows or contacts a man or woman, despite clear indication of disinterest to such contact by the man or woman, or monitoring of use of internet or electronic communication of a man or a woman. /P 9 0 R /Annots [324 0 R 325 0 R 326 0 R 327 0 R 328 0 R 329 0 R] <> /K [454 0 R 455 0 R 456 0 R 457 0 R 458 0 R 459 0 R 460 0 R 461 0 R 462 0 R 463 0 R] 12 [125 0 R 127 0 R 128 0 R 129 0 R 130 0 R 131 0 R 132 0 R null 504 0 R null /S /P 74 483 0 R 75 484 0 R 76 485 0 R 77 486 0 R 78 623 0 R << 18 0 obj >> /Type /Page endobj /S /P 4 0 obj /K 3 /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /P 9 0 R /S /P 219 0 obj >> endobj /ColorSpace << << << /K 6 >> [38][39], Washington takes the approach of putting the focus on cyberbullying prevention and response directly on the schools. /P 9 0 R << 160 0 obj >> /P 9 0 R null 516 0 R 133 0 R 517 0 R 133 0 R 524 0 R 135 0 R 525 0 R 135 0 R 526 0 R 64 0 obj >> << << 31] /Pg 27 0 R >> /StructParents 11 /Pg 20 0 R /K 8 endobj << /Pg 27 0 R /StructParents 20 >> /Pg 14 0 R The list model lists types of offences and provides certainty, but is rather restrictive. /S /P << 9 620 0 R Nappinai, N, S. (2010). /Pg 28 0 R D:20110216092838 >> /S /P /S /P << >> 154 0 obj Spitzberg, B. H., & Hoobler, G. (2002). << /Pg 28 0 R /Contents 268 0 R /P 9 0 R /Pg 28 0 R /S /P 47 414 0 R 48 415 0 R 49 416 0 R 50 418 0 R 51 424 0 R >> [36] However, the constitutionality of this law has been challenged in courts, with Judge Ronald B. Leighton of the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington ruled in February 2019 that the law as written could include "a large range of non-obscene, non-threatening speech" and that "As a result even public criticisms of public figures and public officials could be subject to criminal prosecution and punishment". This chapter examines various forms of "cyberstalking;" legal responses by governments in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australia; the challenges law enforcement officers face when investigating the problem; and the control and prevention of cyberstalking. /Pg 30 0 R /S /P << << 57 430 0 R 58 444 0 R 59 445 0 R 60 446 0 R 61 452 0 R /Subtype /XML /P 9 0 R endobj /Parent 7 0 R 493 0 R null 494 0 R null 495 0 R null 623 0 R 624 0 R 496 0 R 124 0 R /K 3 213 0 R 214 0 R 215 0 R 216 0 R 217 0 R 218 0 R] /S /P /Pg 13 0 R >> This article explores the definition of stalking and cyberstalking and clarifies their similarities and differences and analyze the prevalence of cyberstalking in modern society. /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] /K [22 452 0 R 46] 138 0 obj /P 9 0 R /P 9 0 R << WebPrvn pedpisy o kyberstalkingu - Cyberstalking legislation Kybernetick pronsledovn a kyberikana jsou relativn novmi jevy, ale to neznamen, e zloiny spchan prostednictvm st nelze trestat podle legislativy navren k tomuto elu. /K [9 482 0 R 28 483 0 R 30 484 0 R 32] << A, title X, 1069(a), Pub. >> 135 0 R 527 0 R 136 0 R] >> << [12][13], That said, true threats are not considered to be protected speech. /P 9 0 R /K 3 Indian Journal of Criminology & Criminalistics, 31(1), 16 30. /S /P endobj /S /Footnote /S /P Abstract endobj /S /P 3 0 obj 195 0 R 196 0 R 197 0 R 198 0 R 199 0 R 200 0 R 201 0 R 202 0 R 203 0 R 204 0 R] endobj >> endobj /TextBox /Art endobj /K [7 364 0 R 22 365 0 R 24] /P 9 0 R endobj /Contents 353 0 R endobj >> >> /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] >> 212 0 R 213 0 R 214 0 R 215 0 R 216 0 R 217 0 R 218 0 R] /TT2 245 0 R /Pg 18 0 R endobj >> /P 9 0 R 1-1-09; 95-984, eff. Volume 96 96 N.C. App. >> endobj % /P 9 0 R >> /Parent 8 0 R 130 0 obj >> endobj /K [504 0 R 505 0 R 506 0 R 507 0 R 508 0 R 509 0 R] /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] These statutes << endobj /S /P /Pg 15 0 R >> 70 0 obj endobj 2 11 [122 0 R 124 0 R 125 0 R null 490 0 R null 491 0 R null 492 0 R null Par. /P 9 0 R << 95 0 R 96 0 R 98 0 R 99 0 R 100 0 R 101 0 R 102 0 R 103 0 R null 447 0 R 14 0 obj << /TT1 245 0 R >> >> /S /Footnote 94 0 obj Cyberstalkers often have a sophisticated knowledge of computers and the Internet and can "mask" their intimidating e-mails to victims to disguise their origin. >> /Pg 30 0 R [5], Commonwealth offences that criminalise the misuse of telecommunication services are also relevant when technology is used to communicate harassment[6] or threats. /Pg 31 0 R 24 0 obj 207 0 obj /StructParents 4 >> /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /P 9 0 R /ColorSpace << endobj >> endobj /P 9 0 R /Footnote /Note /S /P endobj /K 5 endobj UNCTAD - Palais des Nations, 8-14, Av. << Attempts at legislating cyberbullying have been tried at the federal level, primarily because the Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution specifically provides that only the federal government can regulate commerce between the states; this includes electronic communication over the Internet. /K 3 /S /P /S /P /Pg 32 0 R <> endobj /Type /Page endobj /S /P << endobj /K 4 >> /Rotate 0 >> [47] Furthermore, the bill addresses not just student-to-student harassment, but also harassment of students by faculty or staff as well. /S /P /Pg 13 0 R /S /P /K [5 425 0 R 23 426 0 R 25 427 0 R 27] /DropCap /Figure /P 9 0 R /S /P >> /P 9 0 R >> /K [0 407 0 R 22] >> /Limits [32 63] 158 0 obj /P 9 0 R 26 0 obj Cyberstalking and cyberbullying are relatively new phenomena, but that does not mean that crimes committed through the network are not punishable under legislation drafted for that purpose. /P 9 0 R International (cyber)stalking: impediments to investigation and prosecution endobj In the case of Tyler Clementi, who killed himself after video of his homosexual encounter was broadcast on the Internet, prosecutors charged the defendants with invasion of privacy and computer crimes. endobj << The first cyberstalking law went into effect just over a year ago in California, and Congress is considering a federal law. /P 9 0 R /Annots [228 0 R] << /P 9 0 R /Type /Page /TT1 245 0 R There are laws that only address online harassment of children or focus on child predators as well as laws that protect adult cyberstalking victims, or victims of any age. >> /K 6 /P 9 0 R << << /TT0 243 0 R /K 14 420 0 R null 421 0 R null 422 0 R null 423 0 R null 418 0 R 78 0 R /S /P /Font << >> WebFederal law provides some tools to combat cyberstalking. /K 1 >> 143 0 obj 140 0 obj [10] In another California case, in which a student was harassed after posting personal information online, the court found that threatening posts were not protected speech. /S /P /F3 225 0 R A cyberstalker acts of out of anger, or a need to control, or gain revenge over another person through threats, fear, and intimidation. endobj >> /P 9 0 R /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] >> It stipulates various ranges of imprisonment for anyone who uses null 519 0 R null 520 0 R null 521 0 R null 522 0 R null 523 0 R /Count 21 WebCyberstalking is the act of threatening, harassing, or annoying someone through multiple email messages, as through the Internet, especially with the intent of placing the recipient endobj endobj /Rotate 0 New York state passed the Dignity For All Students Act, focusing primarily on elementary and middle school students. /K 6 /Pg 21 0 R Australia does not have specific cyberbullying legislation, although the scope of existing laws can be extended to deal with cyberbullying. 16, pp. /TT1 245 0 R /Pg 31 0 R Although many States in Australia have antistalking laws, Victoria and Queensland are the only States that include sending electronic messages to, or otherwise contacting, the victim in their legislation. /K 2 /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] endobj << /S /P /Pg 31 0 R endobj 21 581 0 R 22 359 0 R 23 364 0 R 24 365 0 R /P 9 0 R After progressing through the courts, the charges against Baker were dismissed primarily on grounds that there was no evidence that Baker would actually act out the fantasies contained in those stories. /K [571 0 R 572 0 R 573 0 R] >> [46][47] Universities would be required to address harassment that focuses on real or perceived race, color, national origin, sex, disability, sexual orientation, gender identity, or religion. /Pg 32 0 R << >> "Electronic communication" includes transmissions by a computer through the Internet to another computer. 156 0 obj << /K 5 << /S /P 37 390 0 R 38 391 0 R 39 392 0 R 40 402 0 R 41 403 0 R /P 9 0 R << /S /Footnote endobj >> Like the Meier case, the Clementi case spurred legislators (this time, in New Jersey) to pass a law specifically aimed at bullying, an "Anti-bullying Bill of Rights". >> << endobj Finally, individuals should become informed about the dangers of the Internet and ways to protect their privacy while using the Internet. /P 9 0 R /Pg 17 0 R 8-11-09. << /TT2 244 0 R << 210 0 obj >> /S /P >> /K 11 /P 9 0 R [27] In 2011, a man was ordered to undergo psychiatric evaluation before sentencing for cyberstalking. >> << >> /S /P 187 0 obj This website contains the federal and individual state laws on cyberstalking. /Resources << /P 9 0 R Halder, D. & Jaishankar, K. (2008). On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. A lock ( << Tampa, Florida U.S. District Judge Thomas P. Barber has sentenced Christopher Buonocore (35, Hicksville, NY) to 15 years in federal prison for cyberstalking multiple victims. >> 433 0 R null 428 0 R 88 0 R 429 0 R 88 0 R 430 0 R 88 0 R] Download PDF. /Contents 257 0 R /Resources << 43 0 R 44 0 R 45 0 R 46 0 R 47 0 R 48 0 R 49 0 R 50 0 R 51 0 R 52 0 R >> << endobj 396 0 R null 397 0 R null 398 0 R null 399 0 R null 400 0 R null endobj /P 9 0 R endobj Explanation : Cyberstalking involves using electronic means, including the Internet, to stalk or harass a person or group of people. endobj WebAccording to Florida Statute 775.082, if an individual is convicted of first-degree misdemeanor cyberstalking, the individual will be punished with up to one year in jail, and a fine of up to $1,000. << << /S /P L. 109162 amended section catchline and text generally, revising and restating former provisions relating to stalking so as to include surveillance with intent to kill, injure, harass, or intimidate which results in substantial emotional distress to a person within the purview of the offense proscribed. In addition to imprisonment, the court may also order the alleged offender to pay a $250,000 fine. 74 0 obj 98 0 obj /Superscript /Span /TT2 244 0 R >> 169 0 obj /CS1 [/ICCBased 242 0 R] >> /TT0 243 0 R >> /K 9 0 R /P 9 0 R >> 162 0 obj /Resources << endobj >> /Parent 6 0 R In addition, some of these newly written laws (like one in Connecticut) put more of an onus on the school system, mandating that the school's administration must intervene at the first sign of bullying. endobj << >> >> /K 19 /P 9 0 R >> 105 0 R 465 0 R 106 0 R 466 0 R 106 0 R 467 0 R 107 0 R 468 0 R 108 0 R 469 0 R << << >> /Kids [219 0 R 220 0 R 221 0 R] /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] ), In response to Phoebe Prince's suicide, as well as that of Carl Walkerboth of whom had been bullied before taking their livesthe Massachusetts legislature in 2010 passed what advocates call one of the toughest anti-bullying laws in the nation. The primary distinction is one of age; if adults are involved, the act is usually termed cyberstalking, while among children it is usually referred to as cyberbullying. /Pg 32 0 R endobj >> endobj /P 9 0 R << /Pg 32 0 R /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] >> /S /Footnote /S /P Bishop. WebDavid's Law is a state law in Texas, that labels cyberstalking a misdemeanor crime, but it also lays out several other rights victims or parents of victims have in ensuring justice. /Pg 22 0 R L. 1134 amended section generally. 206 0 obj /K [4 469 0 R 40 470 0 R 42 471 0 R 44 472 0 R 46] /S /Footnote /Pg 27 0 R /Parent 8 0 R << There are several forms of cyberstalking, including: Harassing the victim Embarrassing and humiliating the victim Exerting financial control by emptying the victims bank accounts, or by ruining his credit http://www.haltabuse.org/resources/laws/federal.shtml. 76 0 R] << /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] >> 192 0 obj >> /S /P /P 9 0 R >> 5 [76 0 R 77 0 R 78 0 R 80 0 R 81 0 R 82 0 R 83 0 R null 419 0 R null endobj endobj endobj 173 0 R 174 0 R 175 0 R 176 0 R 177 0 R 178 0 R 179 0 R 180 0 R 181 0 R 182 0 R International law emphasizes a supranational concept related to cybercrime. /K 7 /Pg 31 0 R TMC Academic Journal, 3(10), 48-62. /Strikeout /Span << /K 2 /P 9 0 R << /ColorSpace << >> Web144 Green Acres Ln, PO Box 111, Green Mountain, NC 28740 . /S /P << >> >> [2] Not only is the issue of cyberbullying extensive, it has adverse effects on adolescents: increased depression, suicidal behavior, anxiety, and increased susceptibility of drug use and aggressive behavior.[3]. /TT0 243 0 R >> /S /P /K 3 96 0 obj /Pg 20 0 R 61 0 obj << >> 148 0 obj /ColorSpace <> 44 0 obj >> << /Pg 19 0 R (2008). endobj >> >> /K 16 /S /P null 557 0 R null 558 0 R null 559 0 R null 560 0 R null 561 0 R /Pg 24 0 R /Pg 20 0 R /P 9 0 R /K 12 /P 9 0 R endobj >> /Annots [229 0 R 230 0 R 231 0 R 232 0 R] /Kids [12 0 R 13 0 R 14 0 R 15 0 R 16 0 R 17 0 R] /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] Pub. << endobj /K [548 0 R 549 0 R] >> >> << >> Browse; Reporter N.C. App. >> This is the Convention on Cybercrime, signed by the Council of Europe in Budapest on November 23, 2001. /K [20 579 0 R] endobj /P 9 0 R 104 0 obj /Font << /S /P 99 532 0 R 100 541 0 R 101 542 0 R 102 543 0 R 103 544 0 R /K [374 0 R 375 0 R 376 0 R 377 0 R 378 0 R 379 0 R 380 0 R 381 0 R] /K 1 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 73, 10-17. /P 9 0 R /K 2 /P 9 0 R endobj /P 9 0 R /CS1 [/ICCBased 242 0 R] /K [431 0 R 432 0 R 433 0 R] endobj For example, a student in California who was suspended from school based on cyberbullying claims took the school district to court, citing a breach of her First Amendment rights; the court agreed with the student and found the school district had overstepped its authority. /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] /K [2 467 0 R 36] << /K 16 endobj /P 9 0 R /Pg 31 0 R >> A cyberstalking conviction can be accompanied by up to five years in prison and a $250,000 fine. /Pg 19 0 R << endobj /P 9 0 R Chat-line users may capture, store, and transmit communications to others outside the chat service. /Pg 19 0 R << /ColorSpace << endobj /Pg 17 0 R 34 0 obj >> 23 0 obj /Pg 30 0 R 120 0 obj [24] (646.9 of the California Penal Code. >> << 63 0 R 64 0 R 65 0 R 66 0 R 67 0 R 68 0 R 69 0 R 70 0 R 71 0 R 72 0 R Behera, A. << /K [419 0 R 420 0 R 421 0 R 422 0 R 423 0 R] /Resources << << 167 0 obj 133 0 obj endobj endobj endobj /P 9 0 R /S /P endobj >> >> << >> >> Section 67A of the Information Technology Act, 2000 punishes a person who sends or causes to send or publish any material containing sexually explicit acts or conduct in electronic media. << /Pg 32 0 R /S /P /K [11 487 0 R 488 0 R 489 0 R] /S /P /Pg 21 0 R endobj endobj /ColorSpace << /K [8 551 0 R 552 0 R 553 0 R 554 0 R 555 0 R] /Type /Pages endobj endobj /S /Footnote /Count 10 /TT0 243 0 R >> << /K 4 123 0 obj >> /Parent 6 0 R endobj << endobj It often appears as a form of revenge after a fight or breakup. /StructParents 14 >> /K 5 /TT1 245 0 R >> << >> >> Jurisdictional and definitional concerns with computer-mediated interpersonal crimes: An analysis on cyber stalking. 126 0 obj /Pg 31 0 R /P 9 0 R /Pg 13 0 R 30 383 0 R 31 384 0 R] 141 0 obj << <> )[25] Its first use resulted in a six-year sentence for a man who harassed a woman who could identify him. /Type /Page /TT3 245 0 R /CS1 [/ICCBased 242 0 R] /Pg 19 0 R /K 9 An Empirical Study. /P 9 0 R 625 0 R 626 0 R 510 0 R 131 0 R 511 0 R 131 0 R 512 0 R 131 0 R 513 0 R 131 0 R endobj >> endobj >> /Annots [317 0 R 318 0 R 319 0 R 320 0 R 321 0 R 322 0 R] /Pg 30 0 R << Assembly, Senate pass 'Anti-Bullying Bill of Rights' in wake of Tyler Clementi's death", "Stronger Anti-Bullying Bill Approved By Committee", "Grieving family by his side, governor signs legislation", Current and pending cyberstalking-related United States federal and state laws, Despite Laws, Stalkers Roam On the Internet, Cyberstalking garnering more serious response, Man convicted of cyberstalking to undergo psychiatric evaluation before sentencing, "Mom's Campaign for Florida Anti-Bully Law Finally Pays Off - ABC News", "Cyber Bullying Illegal: Mass. >> /S /P /Font << >> /Pg 22 0 R 193 0 obj /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] << << /S /P /Pg 14 0 R /TT1 245 0 R 214 0 obj /P 9 0 R 84 625 0 R 85 510 0 R 86 511 0 R 87 512 0 R 88 513 0 R /S /P /Type /Pages << "Family or household member" includes spouses, former spouses, parents, children, stepchildren and other persons related by blood or by present or prior marriage, persons who share or formerly shared a common dwelling, persons who have or allegedly share a blood relationship through a child, persons who have or have had a dating or engagement relationship, and persons with disabilities and their personal assistants.
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